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3K views 9 replies 10 participants last post by  cool_atomic 
s4 is equal to fat and hypertrophic heart ;
it means that heart encounters resistance of blood flow so it tries harder to overcome this resistance and in this course it becomes hypertrophic.
such resistance will be seen at ; AS,HOCM(hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy),HTN
after appearing hypertrophy, heart hasn't capacity for accepting blood of atrial contraction(late diastole) and you will hear s4(atrial contraction)
in MR (mitral regurgitation) heart encounters a highway ;both aorta and mitral
so any resistance,any s4
 
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